رسائل الماجستير | Master's Theses

URI الدائم لهذه الحاويةhttps://dspace.omu.edu.ly/handle/123456789/558

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الفقد الكتلي والتغير في تركيز المغذيات خلال تحلل أوراق أشجار الصنوبر الحلبي النامية في ترب الجبل الأخضر
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2009-07-20) الزوي, فرج
The aims of the present study were to determine Mass loss (ML%) and the changes patterns of Holocellulose (cellulose , hemicelluloses) , Lignin (Non- hydrolysable Residues; NHR), water and Ethanol- Solubles as well as the dynamics of N, P, Na , K , Ca , Mg , Mn , SO4, NO3. The concentration of N in Lignin C:N , Lignin:N and C:P were also determined .The influence of site properties on these parameters (Responses) were evaluated. To achieve these aims , the litter bag technique, which is a wellknown tool for the study of litter decomposition, was applied using bags of 10X10 cm dimentions and with 1mm diameter. The required numbers of the bags were fixed on the bottom of each Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) stands grown in three sites located at 410, 630, and 860m. a. s. l. of the Jabal Alakhdar eco- region, Libya by using a split design system in Four plots. The experiments started in 1.10.2006 and conducted for 18, 10 and 7 months the latter 2 plots Located at 860 m. a. s. l. The data obtained were statistically assessed using ANOVA, Correlation and Regression analysis. The ML (%) values were ca 25, after 7 months of decomposition with significant differences (P.0.05); after 10 months, these values increased to 31% in the stands located at 410 and 630 m. a. s. l. and both were significantly differed with (P.0.05) compared to the stands located at 860 m. a. s. l (ML of ca 20%) . ML Values reached 60% and 43% after 18 months in stands located at 410 and 630 m. a. s. l. respectively and were significantly differed (P.0.05); the water- and ethanol-solubles were significantly differed and decreased from ca 14% and 25% to ca 10% and 18% after 18 months of incubation (decomposition). However, the lignin (NHR) increased from 32 to 38% at both sites, whereas the holocelluloses increased from 27% to 33 and 29% respectively. The total concentration of carbon decreased from 48 to 46 % in both sites and this means that the loss of carbon did not exceed 2% after one and half year of decomposition and consequently the emission of CO2 was low under such pine forest systems. On the other hand, the total N increased up to 1.1 % confirming the fact of the chemical combination of nitrogen (as NH3) to the aromatic rings exposed during the biodegradation of lignin. Total phosphorus decreased from 0.23 to 0.1 and 0.07% in sites located respectively at 410 and 630 m. a. s. l. and no changes of total potassium were observed in both sites. Negative and positive r values between some responses were observed (P.0.05) and some values of R2 above ca 60 % were also noticed. Finally, it is of highly importance to wisely expand the area of Aleppo pine plantations in the bared localities spread in this eco-region. This is for increasing the contribution of such pin forest systems of carbon dioxide capturing and retarding its emission to the atmosphere of our green and fragile planet to reduce the tragedy of the global warming phenomenon.
وجود بكتيريا الكبريت في ترب داعمة للعرعر والبطوم تحت ظروف الجبل الأخضر-ليبيا
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2017-05-02) بوبكر, مفتاح
The aims of this study were to determine the persistence of the sulphur oxidizing bacteria in different decomposition stages "the humus layer" and in the soils supporting the (Juniperus phoenicea L and Pistacia lentiscus L). These bushes covers ca 80%' of the Gabal AlAkhdar eco-region, Libya. In the culturing media, the impacts of the pH, salts, temperature and the production of sulfates from such bacterial isolates were also examined. The least significant difference (LSD, 5%) and Pearson correlations between the variables were done using SPSS. To achieve these aims, two sites contain the two plants were selected in the Settia area located north east of Shahat town at ca 400 masl. From each plant and Rhodoxeralfs soils, composite samples were collected from the humus layers The separation of these stages were carried out according to the morphology of the litters. Soil samples were collected at (0-10 cm) depth. The physical (texture and moisture) and chemical analysis including the total N, P, K, S and sulphates and the total counts of bacteria were done at the lab of soil microbiology, Omar Al Mukhtar University. The bacterial strain grew in the thiosulphate medium during a period of 7-10 days. At pH = 8, colonies in a pure culture were appeared white to light yellow .These chemolithoautotrophic mobile short rod cells were a gram-negative, non-endo-spore forming. Such characteristics indicate that this isolate was a Thiobacillus thioparus.The persistence of T. thioparus in the late stages and in the soils supporting the Juniperus were higher than in the Pistacia. The number of the strain in the Pistacia and Juniperus ranged between 0.15 ×104 to 58 × 104 and 0.16 ×104 to 61 × 104, 0.032 ×104 to 50 ×104 and 5.6 × 104 to 91 in the first and the second sites, respectively. Positive correlations were observed between T. thioparus counts and the P, K, SO4-2 and the total count of the bacteria. Strong negative correlation (p<0.001 and R2 of ca 25%, n=60) with EC. The correlations between total count and pH, and total S were negative of p<0.024 and 0.001, R2 of ca 20 t0 25%, n=60, respectively. The total S positively correlated with R2 of ca 25%. Total S positively correlated with the total P (p<0.001 and R2 of ca 25%. Sulfates positively correlated with EC (p<0.001, R2 of ca 25%, n=60, also it negatively correlated with total N (p<0.006, R2 of 16%, n=60. The optimum effect of temperature (25, 30, 35, 40) on the strain after 7 days of incubation was at 30 C and the minimum was 40C. the effect of For the pH, the optimum and minimum were 8 and 5 and no growth at 4. NaCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2 conc. of ( 0.1, 1, 5 g / L ) showed a detrimental effects comparing with the control the sodium thiosulphate medium Conc. of (0.1,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 g) showed optimum and minimum growth at 5g "control" and 0.1g respectively. The effect of this bacterial strain on pH and sulphate production in the thiosulphate medium after about two weeks of incubation revealed that the pH decreased from 7.8 to 6.4 and by 1.4 (17.95%). Sulfate concentration also increased from 0.03% to 0.05%. The Starkey medium on the other hand, decreased pH values from 7.8 to 4.5 by 3.3 (42.31%) with an increase of 24.36% in the thiosulphate medium. This reflects the impact of the type of sulfuric compound "energy source" in increasing acidity, which confirms the superiority of sulfur element "S8" in recommending the development of this bacterial strain for the purpose of reclamation of the salt affected soils (sodic soils). It was observed that the high acidity does affect the growth of this strain but the growth of such bacterium In vivo differs than the growth In vitro "The Habitat" due to the presence of calcium carbonates ; the limestone 'the bed rock' and many other alkaline ions.
تقييم بعض خصائص الترب الساحلية ومصادر مياه الري بمنطقة الحنية – الجبل الأخضر
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2022-02-22) اجويلي, وجدي
Al-Hinya is known as a coastal area and is one of the largest areas of the coastal municipality. It is considered one of the most important agricultural areas in Jabal Al-Akhdar, about 25 km away from the city of Al-Bayda. Al-Henya area is of economic importance because of the crops it produces capable of meeting all the needs of Jabal Al-Akhdar. This makes the soil of the area in a state of depletion of its nutrients or even subject to deterioration as a result of intense pressure on it with fertilizers. Therefore, this area was targeted to monitor the condition of the soil in it and follow it during two different seasons. Forty sites were randomly selected to take soil samples that differ in terms of their proximity and distance from the coast. The samples are located at different altitudes from sea level. A number of wells used by farmers for irrigation were also selected. The study included routine procedures for soil by studying the chemical properties of the soil as well as the chemical properties For irrigation water, and therefore to determine its suitability for irrigation compared to global measurements issued by the US Department of Agriculture), USDA, 1954) and about the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO, 1985) Chemical analyzes consist in knowing the degree of electrical conductivity "EC", the degree of pH and dissolved ions in addition to the use of many mathematical indicators that included the percentage of sorbed sodium "SAR" and the modified "RSC" and residual sodium carbonate "RSC" in addition to some other mathematical indicators for irrigation water.
تأثير معدلات الري بمياه الصرف الصحي لمدينة البيضاء بالجبل الأخضر علي خصائص التربة ونمو النبات
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2009-04-18) المهدي, محمد
Fresh water resources are limited in most arid and semiarid regions. Libya is not an exception . Jabal Al-Akhdar north – east of libya, receives the highest annual rainfall in the country, but fluctuation in rainfall coupled with increasing demand for fresh water to meet domestic, agricultural and industrial activities posed serious pressure on groundwater which practically represents the sole source of fresh water in the province . A national strategy to utilize domestic sewage effluent to irrigate some forage crops was implemented early in the 1973's. The strategy was limited to two projects namely, Al-Hadba project near Tripoli and Al-Gawarsha project near Benghazi. Other parts in the country including Jabal Al-Akhdar were not included in this national strategy. The current study was aimed toward evaluating the potential for utilizing the untreated domestic sewage effluent of Al-Bayda city in Jabal Al-Akhdar for irrigation on soil chemical properties and the growth of maize ( Zea mays L.), barley ( Hordeum vulgare L. ) and alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L.) in pot experiment under semi–controlled conditions . The two soils are representing forest soils ( Lithic Rhodoxeralfs ) northern part of Jabal Al-Akhdar and pastoral soil ( Lithic Xeric Haplocalcids) southern part of Jabal Al-Akhdar. Groundwater and the untreated sewage effluent of Al-Bayda city were used for irrigation. Two irrigation levels were evaluated based on plant vegetative and root biomass as well as their nutrient and toxic elements content. Each treatment was imposed in triplicates as in Complete Randomized Block Design (RCBD). The data were analyzed statistically by utilizing the software (Genstat ). The impact of irrigation practices on the chemical properties of the two soils were also evaluated . The results of this study has revealed that sewage water contains good concentrations of essential plant nutrients; including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper and zinc, In addition some pollutant elements such as nickel and lead. Their concentration of the polluting elements was within the accepted range for agricultural use according to local standards as well as Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO, 1976) and the United States Environment Protection Agency ( USEPA, 1993 ) guidelines. The wastewater was also chacteristized by its low content of soluble salts . The use of the domestic wastewater affected the two soil’s chemical properties positively even though the time span of this study was limited. A significant increase in available phosphorus, total nitrogen, soil organic matter content and cation exchange capacity was observed. The irrigation with ground water or wastewater caused a marginal change in soil рH and soluble salt contents in the two soils . Results has indicated higher plant root weights were produced by crops included in this study when irrigated with the untreated effluent as compared to groundwater. This seems to enhance plant ability to absorb more water and plant nutrients as well as pollutant ions from the soil, which were further reflected positively on wet and dry weight of vegetative parts of these crops and their contents from nutrients such as phosphorus, potassium and calcium . The use of the untreated effluent for irrigating maize, barley and alfalfa led to an increase in nickel, copper, lead and zinc concentration in the two soils and plants tissues, but their concentrations remained within the local and international permissible limits. The concentrations of pollutant elements were highest in the roots of these plants. This reflects important plant selectivity for absorbing ions, and appreciable control for their translocation to the upper plant parts through accumulation in their root systems. This study indicated that the utilization of untreated domestic effluent of Al-Bayda city even for supplementary irrigation of maize, barley and alfalfa under semi controlled conditions and for one season has resulted in significant increase in weight of the vegetative part production of these crops. Moreover, there is no increase in the concentration of pollutant elements in plant tissues that may pose risks to human or domestic animals were detected. Moreover, the use of this nontraditional water source for irrigation under the prevailed conditions of this study has improved the two soil’s chemical properties. [ It seems imperative to pursue this annovative investigation for further evaluation on long term effects of this water resource under field conditions. The chemical make-up of Al-Bayda domestic effluent appear to be acceptable. This will enhance the potential for its use to improve crop production, combating desertification and rehabilitating rangeland. In addition to improvement of the natural ecosystems distinguishing Jabal Al-Akhdar, the adoption of a well planned strategy in this direction will no doubt result in lifting some of the pressure on the limited fresh groundwater of the region.
دراسة تحولات الأسمدة النيتروجينية المضافة لترب المرج والصفصاف بمنطقة الجبل الأخضر
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2015-06-02) أفكيرين, عمران
This study was conducted at two sites area of Green Mountain, represents the first location El-marg area (agricultural research station). The station is located on the longitude (20 50) and latitude (32 28) and at an altitude of 310 m above the surface of the Sea level (4) km east from the city of Elmarg on the coastal road linking Benghazi and El-beda. The second site Assfsaf area (Agricultural Research Station). Located in Assfsaf in the Green Mountain area east of El-beda City on the 20 km distance and the longitude (21 56) and latitude (32 46) and at an altitude of 641 m above the surface of the Sea level. This study aimed to follow up the effect of adding sulfur and nitrification inhibitors on the efficiency and transformations of nitrogen fertilizer in soil and the growth of barley and activity total soil bacteria. To achieve the objectives of this study soil samples from the surface to the depth 20 cm it were collected from the regions of the study Areas, chemical and physical properties of the soil were estimated, and forced the experiments in pots and put in a place of study by the distribution field of design (split plot design for twice) After cultivated of barley plant and irrigation to field capacity even under conditions of semicourt added each planter pots treatments of 80 mg / kg soil of P2O5 fertilizer superphosphate and potassium sulfate K2SO4 as sources of phosphorus, potassium, two weeks before the date of Agriculture. Agriculture has also been added sulfur 2 % in pots prepared for this treatment and mixing it well with topsoil to a depth of 5 cm as well as two weeks before the date of planting. Treatments are two types of nitrogen fertilizer as urea and potassium nitrate were added in two period and two doses 80 mg fertilizer / kg soil. First dose added on the soil surface after 3 weeks of the process of germination and the second dose was added after two weeks after the first dose adding, and treatments included also two types of inhibitors, the first is EDTA compound (Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid) and the second pesticide Carbofuran were added as a single dose each at 50 mg / kg soil at the same date Add first dose of nitrogen fertilizer. The results of this study showed that significant increase in average fresh and dry weight of shoots to barley plant in soils El-marg and Assfsaf as a result of various treatments compared with soil comparison ranged wet weight of 60.03 g / pot to 98.83 g / pot, while the dry weight of 17.40 to 33.16 g / pot, for comparison sample also notes that significant increase in average total vegetative weight in Carbofuran treatments and treatments for EDTA addition of sulfur in general led to the wet and dry weight increase. Variation in the vegetative barley crop grown in two soils of nitrate anion content NO3- under various treatments inhibitors, fertilizer and sulfur, in general conditions occurred ranged concentration of this anion in the plant from 8.7710 -14.278 ppm, the addition of the concentration of 2% sulfur led to lower average concentration of nitrate in the barley plant compared to the treatments has not added to it as well as the focus was less on the user treatments where Carbofuran from those where the user EDTA. Various treatments led to the high content of the vegetative part of the barley plant from phosphorus element in soils this content ranged from 694.73 to 1083.27 ppm and that the addition of sulfur led to higher plant content of this element. Large variations in barley plant content from the potassium element did not happen in both soils as a result of various treatments. Affected soil content of nitrate anion NO3- by various treatments for inhibitors, sulfur and sources of nitrogen added, and it may range from 8.02 to 14,265 ppm in soils resulted in these treatments to lower average concentration of the anions compared with soil non-treatment, as well the concentration of 2% sulfur resulted by lower average concentration of nitrates compared to non-treated soil with sulfur as the difference between the average concentration of nitrate anion in both soils and after the first and second addition of nitrogen fertilizer was a very highly signification as a result of adding inhibitors compared to non-treated soil. The average pH values decreased in general and in soils when Add 2% sulfur in the presence of potassium nitrate fertilizer more than urea fertilizer. The various treatments have affected of the total bacteria in soils it is noted in general that these treatments led to a decline in preparation compared to the soil is treated and that the addition concentration of 2% sulfur led to decline pubulation bacteria as the inhibitor Carbofuran was high effected where decreasing the pubulation by comparing treatments of EDTA inhibitor.
تقييم أداء نظام الري بالرش باستخدام أطوال مختلفة لارتفاع حامل الرشاش عند زراعة محصول الذرة
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2021-03) علي, عمرو
The study was conducted during the summer of 2019 at the Agricultural Research Station (Assafsaf - Jabal Al Akhdar), which is located to the east of the city of Al-Bayda in northeastern Libya, at 32.5° latitude and 21.5° longitude. The study aims to evaluate the performance of the sprinkler irrigation system during the growth stages of the corn plant and its relationship to the height of the sprinkler riser. By measuring the uniformity coefficient as the most important element of the evaluation, where it indicates the homogeneity of water distribution in the field. Whereas, if the uniformity coefficient in the fixed sprinkler irrigation system is less than 80%, the water distribution is not good. Engineering experiments were conducted to determine the specifications of the (Modil: Dw20) sprinkler of DONEWELL company present in the local market without any specifications. Different relationships between pressure- flow rate and pressure- wetting diameter were found and necessary engineering equations were identified, uniformity coefficients, and wetting overlap ratios relationships were found. Timing of changing sprinkler riser heights during the irrigation season were determined. The results of the sprinkler evaluation showed that operating pressure of the sprinkler used in the research could be used from1.7 to 2.3 bar to cover wetting diameters from20 to 24meters, respectively, and an equation describe the relationship between sprinkler flow and operating pressure was derived. The land was prepared and plowed, and divided into three experimental units, the dimensions of each unit (33mby 11m) to start planting maize seeds (single hybrid 3062), where the average planting date was May 20. The distance between corn rows was 70 cm, and the distance between the seeds in the row was 25 cm. The experiment was designed in a completely random manner. So that the source of the difference between the three parameters (T1, T2, and T3) is the height of sprinkler risers (1, 2, and 3) meters, respectively, and with three replicates . The results showed at the beginning up to one meter height, the uniformity coefficient values were (87, 86, and 88)% in the first, second, and third treatment, respectively, where the plant heights were less than the heights of the sprinkler risers and the resultant uniformity coefficient values were good in the three treatments. While the results of the uniformity coefficient values at the end of the growing season were (24, 24.3, and 83%) in the first, second, and third treatment respectively. The results of the uniformity coefficient values at the end of the season showed that the value of the third treatment is the best and is considered good; As the height of the sprinkler riserwas increased at the right time during the growth stages of corn plant; The height of the plant was always less than the height of the sprinkler riser in the third treatment, in contrast to the first and second treatments. This resulted in improvement of some plant characteristics such as plant height, plant stemdiameter, and corn cob length (3m, 3 cm, and 21.2 cm) respectively in the third treatment, compared to the first treatment that resulted in plant characteristics such as plant height, stem diameter, and cob length of (1.4m, 2cm, and 9.5cm) respectively. These plant growth characteristics give indication of yield.
التقييم الكيميائي لصلاحية مياة الري لبعض الابار الجوفية وتأثيرها على بعض خصائص التربة في منطقة الكفرة
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2023-05-06) الأزرق, حمزة
This investigation has been conducted to assess the suitability of ground water in Al-Kofra area - which located in South eastof Libya, for irrigation purposes and it is effect on some soil chemical properties. To achieve this objectives, water samples from fifty wells were collected around Al-Kofra area. Water samples were analyzed for water quality criteria namely "EC, TDS, pH, soluble cations & anions, NO3 and boron. An additional assessment of usability of irrigation water was also used included determining "SAR, adj, SSP, RSC, Mg hazard, TH, pHc and PI" values. Based on the results of chemical analysis of water wells samples, could be concluded that, all parameters were in suitable range, so ground wells water were suitable for irrigation purpose without any hazard, the results also showed thtat both SAR and RSC values were indicated no lability for salinity and sodicity hazard. In general, according to USSL, diagram, and FAO classification, majority of water wells samples fall within "C2-S1" classified, that indicated the water wells samples had low salinity and low sodicitylevels. and it could be successfully used for irrigation andsuitable for plant and soil.
أثر معالجة المياه مغناطيسيا في بعض الخواص الكيميائية والفيزيائية للتربة المتأثرة بالأملاح بمنطقة الحنية
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2023-02) آدم, فاطمة
The study was designed as a factorial experiment according to a completely randomized design (C,R,D) with three replications for the fall and winter of 2019-2020 in the AL-Haniyah area northwest of AL-Bayda city in AL-Jabal AL-Akhdar. 97 meters above sea leval Where a an experiment was carried out for the soil from salts,with two treatments with normal water and magnetized water ,and some physical and chemical properties of the filter resulting from the washing process were studied ,as well as the soil washed In order to introduce how to obtain magnetic water technology,which works to improve the properties of water and arrange its shipments,making it more energy and vitality ,and to study the effect of magnetic treatment on some physical and chemical properties of water and soil ,and water and soil samples targeted for study from the AL-Heniya area northwest of AL-Bayda city. The results showed there were highly significant differences between treatment with normal water and magnetized water in some of the studied physical and chemical properties,which are The Ph ,electrical conductivity,calcium,magnesium,sodium and potassium of the soil washed whith magnetized water were highly significant compared to the soil washed with normal water salinity –tolerant crops were grown such as rye and barley Where the cultivation was carried out in two separate basins,irrigated by two treatment s with normal water and magnetized water at the same time ,the results were good when compared in terms of height and color . It was also observed that aclear burning of the bean plant irrigated with normal water compared to the bean plant irrigated with magnetized water,as a result of its intolerance to salinity and its death as shown in figure (23). As for the potassium,phosphorous and nitrogen elements in the bean and barley plant irrigated with magnetized water,they were higher than in the bean and barley plant irrigated with normal water.
عزل وتعريف وكفاءة البكتيريا المذيبة للفوسفات في بعض ترب الجبل الأخضر- ليبيا
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2024-05) عطية, وليد
The experiment was conducted by preparing samples by taking forest soil as well as agricultural soil from different depths of the Al-Safsaf agricultural area. After that, laboratory analyzes of the soil are carried out, and the aim of the current study is to study the isolation, identification and efficiency of phosphate-dissolving bacteria in some soils of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar - Libya. The results showed that the deeper the soil in forest and agricultural soils, the greater its moisture content. The depth (+10 cm) recorded the highest moisture content, while the depth (0-2.5 cm) recorded the lowest soil moisture content. It is clear from the results that agricultural soil has a higher moisture content than forest soil. The results also showed that the texture of the willow soil (forests) was clayey, containing (55%) clay, while the texture of the willow soil (agricultural) was also clayey, containing (47%) clay. It was noted that the willow soil (forests) outperformed the Willow soil (agricultural) in its clay content. It is clear from the results of some chemical properties of forest soil and agricultural soil of the Al-Safsaf agricultural station at different depths (0-2.5, 2.5-5.5-10, +10 cm) for the two types of soil studied, the results showed that as the depth of the soil increased (+10 cm) taken for estimation, some ions increased, such as calcium, magnesium, chloride, and bicarbonate, while nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, electrical conductivity, and pH recorded the highest values in the surface layer, in soil. Forests, as well as in agricultural soil. As the depth of the soil increases (+10 cm), the values of some ions increase, such as calcium, magnesium, chloride, pH, While bicarbonate, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter, and electrical conductivity recorded the highest values. The results also showed that forest soil was superior to agricultural soil in its content of chloride, bicarbonate, organic matter, and pH, while agricultural soil was superior to forest soil in calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, and electrical conductivity, respectively. On the other hand, the results of some morphological tests (cell shape, Gram stain, colony shape, colony texture, colony height) for the bacterial isolates obtained for the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas showed that the cell shape was bacillary for both genera of bacteria. Bacillus bacteria were Gram positive.While Pseudomonas was Gram negative, the shape of the colony was irregular and its texture smooth and transparent for Bacillus bacteria, while the shape of the colony was circular and its texture was opaque for Pseudomonas bacteria, while the height of the colony was small for Bacillus bacteria and flat for Pseudomonas bacteria. The results also showed that the Bacillus genus was positive (+) for the tests for oxidase, urea production, indole production, gelatin liquefaction, starch hydrolysis, and nitrate reduction, and negative with the catalase test, while the Pseudomonas genus was positive (+) for the catalase oxidase, gelatin liquefaction, starch hydrolysis, and nitrate reduction tests, and was negative for urea production. and indole production, respectively. Pseudomonas bacteria recorded the highest bacterial numbers, outperforming the genus Bacillus, in forest and agricultural soils. Superphosphate fertilizer treatment showed that Bacillus bacteria recorded the highest values, respectively, after two days, two weeks, and three weeks of incubation under pH values (4.3, 5.5, 4.0), followed by Pseudomonas bacteria after two days and three weeks of incubation under pH values (4.3, 4.3). , compared to the control treatment after two and three weeks of incubation period under pH values (7.2, 4.7). In the phosphate rock treatment, Bacillus bacteria recorded the highest values, respectively, after two days and three weeks of incubation under pH values (4.0, 6.1), followed by Pseudomonas bacteria after two days and three weeks of incubation under pH values (4.4, 4.7), compared to the control treatment after Two days of incubation period under pH values (5.7). In the soil treatment, Bacillus bacteria recorded the highest values after two and three weeks, respectively, of the incubation period under pH values (7.7, 8.0), followed by Pseudomonas bacteria after two days of incubation under pH values (6.4), compared to the control treatment after two days of incubation period under pH values (6.9).
تقيم صلاحية المياه الجوفية والسطحية المستخدمة للري في مدينة درنة وضواحيها باستخدام الطرق الكيميائية والمؤشرات الحسابية المتبعة
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2023-11) بن خيال, عبدالكريم
This study was conducted to evaluate the quality of irrigation water in the city of Derna and its environs, using chemical analyzes and mathematical indicators. It included five agricultural areas:Al-Dhahr Al-Hamar, Al-Fattayeh, Sidi Aoun, Karsah and Al-Bilad. All of the water from these areas is used for irrigation of vegetables and fruits . The results of the chemical analysis showed that the pH of the wells water of the study areas falls between (6.5-8.5), and it is classified according to the standardS of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as lightly alkaline water. The electrical conductivity (EC) of the areas of Sidi Aoun Karsa, Al- Fattayah and Al-Dhahr Al-Hamar were less than (3.0 dS/m), which therefore falls within the range of permissible FAO standardS, and is classified as light to medium-salinity water, while the well water of the Al-Bilad region exceeded the set limits with a value of (3.53 dS/m). Hence, it is classified as highly hazardous water. Also, the total dissolved salts (TDS) for all regions were within the acceptable range for FAO standardS, while the water of the Al Bilad region was higher than the same standardS . The results obtained showed that the cations of calcium (Ca+2), magnesium (Mg+2), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) fall within the normal range according to the FAO guide. As for anions, all the regions’ wells water contained chloride ion (Cl-) concentrations within the permissible range, except for the Al-Bilad region’s well water, which exceeded the permissible limits of FAO standardS, while bicarbonate (HCO3 -) was high for all the regions wells water. compared to the FAO guide. Moreover, sulfate values (SO4=) for all wells water were in the acceptable range for FAO standardS . The results obtained indicated that the water of all wells in the studied areas contained small amounts of pollutants, nitrate (NO3 -), boron (B), as well as heavy metal contamination of the elements, lead (Pd+2) and cadmium (Cd+2), all of which fell within the acceptable range for the specifications, used for irrigation water . The results of the mathematical indicators for the well water of the study areas showed that the sodium adSorption rate (%SAR) for all areas is classified as lowsalinity water, with the exception of the El-Bilad area, which is classified as medium-salinity according to the FAO standardS, and when applying the standardS of the US Salinity Laboratory (USSL). The waters of the five regions fall under the classification of low-sodium water (S1). When linking the relationship between the electrical conductivity values and the sodium adSorption rate (SAR%) and applying the last criterion, it was found that the areas of Dahar El Hamar, Sidi Aoun, Karsa and Al Fattayah have water classified as (C3-S1), that is, in terms of salinity, it is considered medium salinity, and in terms of sodium, it is of little harm and is suitable for irrigation of all crops. On the other hand, the water from the wells of the El-Bilad region fell under the category (C4-S1), and therefore, in terms of salinity, it was very salty and not suitable for irrigation. As for sodium, it fell within the water with little harm . The Adjusted sodium absorption ratio (Adj.SAR) values showed that the water of the Dahar El Hamar region is considered water suitable for irrigation, while the water of the Sidi Aoun, Karssa and Fataeh regions is medium saline water, while the water in the Bilad region was unsuitable for use. The calculated acidity (pHc) results also gave values less than 8.4 for all wells in the regions, which may lead to the precipitation of calcium carbonate. As for the percentage of residual sodium carbonate (%RSC), it indicated that the water in the areas of Dahr El Hamar, Sidi Aoun and Al Bilad is not suitable for irrigation, while the wells of the Karsa and Fataeh area are suitable for irrigation. Moreover, the values of soluble sodium percentage (SSP%) indicated that the wells water of all regions are good water for irrigation. Total hardness (TH) values also showed that wells water in all regions is considered soft (not hard), compared to FAO standardS. As for the magnesium risk ratio (%Mg.R), the water of all wells in different regions is considered to be of low risk, and the El-Blad region is close to dangerous, according to FAO standardS. Finally, the water from the wells of the studied areas was classified according to the permeability index (%PI), The water from the wells in the Dhaher El Hamar region was good and suitable for irrigation, while the water from the rest of the regions was suitable for irrigation . In general, it is clear from the results that there is a discrepancy in the quality of irrigation water, whether at the level of one region or between regions, but it was found that when applying different quality determinants, the water of the El-Blad region is considered Low quality water and not suitable for irrigation in terms of salinity and sodium absorption rate. The reason may be due to the interference of water with sea as well as its pollution with black water, and the various causes of deterioration must be addressed in order to use it in irrigation water .
استجابة محصول الخيار لأضافه مستويات من السماد (الهيوميك) والسماد (النتروجيني) في صورة فوسفات ثنائي الأمونيوم
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2023-07-18) أشتيوي, علي
The aim of this research was to study organic and mineral fertilization treatments and its effect on some Soil Chemical properties Was included pH, EC .O.M and CEC and yield and growth of cucumber plant (Cucumis sativus L. ) Used split plot design with three replicates. This research is implemented in research farm of Horti. Oapt. Fac of Agric during season 2020. For that Humic Acid (HA) as Organic fertilization and DiAmmonium-Phosphat for mineral fertilization. Used HA at four concentration (H0, H1, H2, H3) g/L and for DAP three concentration (37.0, 75.0) Kg/h Where used. A results demonstrated that. there is significantl effect on soil and plant parametes due to both fertilizations. treatments. The results showed that, the H.A and DAP treatments led to improvment yield and vegetative growth comparing with control treatmen. The best treatment was which had the fertilization adding by HA concentration of H4 and 75kg/ th with DAP fertilization. Also HA and DAP treatment led to improvment the chemical soil properties in comparing to control. In general, The HA treatments manifest the increase comparing with DAP and control treatments.
تقييم جودة مياه الري لآبار منطقة سرت
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2021-07-04) إطبيقة, محمد
Agricultural activities in Libya depend on ground water as a main source for irrigation. Water quality is considered a main factor in sustaining agriculture. This investigation has been conducted to assess the suitability of ground water in Sirt regions- Libya, for irrigation purposes. To achieve this objective, water samples from ninety wells and artificial river samples were collected around Sirt area. This water wells samples were analyzed for water quality criteria namely "EC, TDS, pH, soluble cations and anions, NO3 and boron. An additional assessment of usability of irrigation water was also used included determining "SAR, adjSAR, adjRNa, SSP, RSC, Mg hazard, TH, JR, pHc and PI" values. Based on the results of chemical analysis of water wells samples, could be concluded that, the ECiw of water well samples ranged from "1.06-12.42" dS/m, the pH values ranged from "7.16-7.56". Also the results revealed that, cation content in the studied water well samples followed the sequence "Na+< Mg+2< Ca+2< K+" and on the other hand, the anion content followed the sequence "CL-< HCO3- < SO4-2". The results showed that, both SAR and RSC values indicated no liability for sodicity hazard. In general, according to USSL, diagram, 1954 and FAO classification 1985, majority of water wells samples fall within "C4-S1" classified, that indicated the water wells samples had high salinity levels and low sodicity. And it could be successfully used for irrigation with special salinity control management, i.e. leaching requirement and salt tolerant plants. With the exception of the great man_made river and rainwater samples were fall within "C1-S1", which mean low salinity and sodicity levels, so, it is suitable for plant and soil.
تحلل المواد الهيدروكربونية الموجودة في الترب الملوثة بالنفط الخام بواسطة المعالجة الحيوية لحقلي السرير والشرارة في ليبيا
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2023-07-18) جاب الله, محمود
Crude oil spills pose a significant threat to various ecosystems, including soil ecosystems, necessitating the development of safe and efficient treatment methods. This study focuses on the bioremediation of soil oil waste through the utilization of indigenous bacteria capable of degrading hydrocarbon compounds, the primary constituents of crude oil. The aim is to convert these complex compounds into simpler and less harmful forms in the environment. Additionally, the study examines the combined efficacy of these bacteria under the same conditions. Representative soil samples were collected from oil-polluted sites in the Sarir and Sharara regions of Libya. Bacterial isolation and identification were conducted following established standards and protocols. Ten bacterial strains were isolated and tested for their ability to degrade crude oil by utilizing it as the sole carbon and energy source in a specific nutrient medium. The results demonstrated that Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria exhibited high efficiency in hydrocarbon degradation when working individually under the same conditions, with a significant effect observed (P>0.05). However, the efficiency decreased when these genera were combined in one medium, as Bacillus bacteria secreted antibiotics that hindered the growth and activity of other bacteria. These findings align with previous studies, highlighting the ability of these bacterial genera to decompose crude oil and convert it into less complex compounds under aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions, utilizing them as a source of nutrition and energy. We recommend utilizing these bacterial strains for environmental restoration through bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, particularly in similar regions where the strains are adapted to the local conditions. Furthermore, commercial applications of these strains are also viable.
أثر أنظمة الحراثة التقليدية و المخفضة على بعض خصائص التربة الفيزيائية و إنتاجيتها بمنحدرات الحنية
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2023-05-17) بالحمد, خالد
The effect of reduced (conservation) and conventional (intensive) tillage systems on some physical soil properties and its productivity was studied on the slopes of Al-Haniyah.The experiment was carried out in the north of Al-Haniyah, an agricultural area in Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar region, eastern Libya. Barley crop was cultivated under the influence of four different tillage systems with the addition of mineral and organic fertilizers, The experiment was designed with split plotdesign, where the tillage systems represented the main plots and the fertilization treatments represented the secondary plots in three replications.Soil samples were taken from all plots to estimate bulk density, moisture content and porosity. Some field experiments were also conducted such as soil resistance to penetration and infiltration rate. Collection basins were established at the end of the main plots to intercept surface runoff.Sediment samples collected in the basin were taken after each rainstorm, and the amount of soil lost from each plot was weighed in the laboratory, in order to compare the different tillage systems in terms of their impact on soil erosion rates.The study did not find a significant difference between the used tillage systems in affecting the bulk density, moisture content, porosity and infiltration rate,Where only relative differences were recorded in favour of conventionaltillage, however, conventionaltillage had a significant role in reducing soil resistance to penetration.On the other hand, fertilization treatments (mineral - organic) recorded positive significant effects compared to the control treatment in affecting these characteristics.The study recorded a relative increase in plant height, biological and economic weight of the crop, as well as the thousand-grain weight index under the intensive tillage systems compared to the reduced tillage. Also, Fertilizer treatments had a clear positive effect on all the production characteristics of the cultivated crop.On the other hand, fertilizer additions contributed to increasing the efficiency of reduced tillage performance with weight and productivity indicators,This confirms the need for the application of reduced tillage systems to be part of an integrated and sustainable agricultural management that includes fertilization, weed control and seed selection. The study found significant differences in soil loss by water erosion under the different tillage systems.The recorded losses were twice as high with the conventional intensive tillage compared to the reduced tillage.This proves one of the important hypotheses of this research, which is the important role that soil conservation tillage can play in preserving shallow degraded slopes from erosion and improving soil depth and properties over time.
مؤشرات حقلية ومعملية لتقييم التعرية الريحية جنوب مدينة سرت
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2023) عبدالرحمن, عماد
Some indicators and field and laboratory methods were used to estimate and compare soil erosion by winds south of the city of Sirte, in the three directions southeast, south and southwest. The study was carried out in 18 sites, including 6 sites with irrigated agricultural, 6 other sites with rainfed agricultural and pastoral activity, and 6 last sites were arid pastoral lands with bare soils, in each of which there were 3 sites of very slight slope and 3 other sites with a slight to Medium slope .Soil samples were taken for all sites to estimate some soil properties, and a sand trap experiment was conducted to identify the prevailing sizes of sand in the sediment. The study also used the experimental equation to estimate soil loss due to wind erosion to achieve comparisons between areas.The results showed that the study lands suffer from high susceptibility to wind erosion, as the soils were characterized by low content of clay, silt, and organic matter, and soil aggregates greater than 0.5mm, with a significant increase in the percentage of sand.The study found that soil erosion by wind on arid lands was twice as high compared to irrigated agricultural lands, according to the following order: arid > rain-fed > irrigated lands. Also, soil wind erosion on sloped lands were relatively higher than on flat lands. Soil characteristics, vegetation density and land slope played an important role in wind erosion susceptibility. The study classified areas south of Sirte as having high and very high risks of wind erosion, which requires special measures to stabilize the soil and preserve lands and develop monitoring and evaluation processes for wind erosion using field monitoring techniques and laboratory measurements and expanding the use of digital technologies.
Triticum durum L. تأثير إضافة الفحم الحيوي على بعض خواص التربة الرملية وعلى نمو وإنتاجية القمح الصلب
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2022-11) المدني, فتح الله
A pot experiment was carried out at farm of soil and water science department، Faculty of Agriculture. Omar El-mukhtar. University. Al-Baida. Libya ، To study the effect of biochar addition at rate 0.0 ، 5.0، 15.0 ، 25.0 ton /h. As soil organic amendments on Sandy soil characteristics of so growth and productivity of wheat crop. Results revealed that ، The application of biochar In two size ، Improve soil physical، Chemical and fertility properties as well as enhance plant growth and yield of wheat crop as compared to control treatment. Also ، The highest rate of biochar at 25 ton /h recorded the highest values of growth and productivity parameters of wheat crop and soil properties. The results of soil analysis showed that adding biochar in varying sizes had a positive effect represented in a decrease in the bulk density and an increase in soil porosity، The ability of the soil to retain water and the soil content of organic matter and nutrients، And the size of biochar granules smaller than "2" mm had the best effect on the properties of the soil. Soil with increased levels of addition compared to the larger granules، and it was also observed that biochar granules smaller than “2” mm had an advantage in decreasing the hydraulic conductivity of the soil.
ادارة واستصلاح الاراضي الزراعية في وادي الجرفان بمنطقة البطنان
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2022-11-22) مسعود, عبدالرازق
In this study, we evaluated the properties of soil and water used for irrigation in the Wadi AlJarfan area, which is about 115 km east of the city of Tobruk in the state of Libya. The soil of this valley was evaluated by taking a group of samples from different areas in the valley, so that these samples represent all agricultural lands in the valley. The water in that valley was also studied by analyzing well water samples. Various analyzes were conducted to identify the physical properties of the soil, such as texture, density, porosity, and chemical properties such as pH and electrical conductivity, as well as the total dissolved cations and anions, calcium carbonate concentration, organic matter percentage, and cation exchange capacity and to apply the mathematical equations used internationally to obtain the values of each of the concentrations of adsorbed sodium (SAR), the rate (adj SAR), residual sodium carbonate, percentage of dissolved sodium and exchangeable sodium. The results showed that the prevailing soil texture in the valley area is a sandy loam texture, with a pH between 6.6 and 8, Also, 85% of the soil samples the electrical conductivity value did not exceed 2 dS/m, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is less than 10 and therefore according to the American Salinity Laboratory classification it is classified as non-saline soil and Its sodium content is low. The soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) ranged between 5-19 meq/100g. Because the study area is located within the arid and semi-arid regions, climatic conditions play an important role in influencing these properties. For example, it was noted that the concentration of calcium carbonate varies from one site to another. as it was found in some areas in the range of 15% and in other areas it reached 36%. It is also known that increasing the concentration of calcium carbonate leads to an increase in the pH value, which makes the soil tend to be basic soil. also the average organic matter content ranged between 02.7% and 2.02% for the years 2018 and 2019, while in some sites it decreased to 0.2% and varies from one site to another. As for irrigation water analyses, which in this study are water from wells located within this valley, analyzes were conducted for 8 wells in the valley delta area containing irrigated farms over 3 periods: month 12 of 2018, month 3 of 2019, and month 12 of 2019. the water was evaluated based on the American Salinity Laboratory, and it was found that the electrical conductivity value of most wells falls within the C4 classification of water with very high salinity, while well No. 3 falls within the C3 classification, all of which are outside the permissible rating limits for irrigation water, while the SAR for most wells falls within Permissible limits (S1, S2) sodium risk is low to moderate. While the values of residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were negative for most wells, this indicates that there is no risk of alkalinity in the irrigation water. The results also showed high values of chloride ions compared to the standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and this increases their impact on the soil and plants and the occurrence of problems in If this water is used for irrigation purposes. The well water that was studied is considered to have high salinity and is therefore considered unsuitable for irrigation except in certain cases, such as irrigation of soil with high permeability and good drainage and growing crops that are highly tolerant to salinity and its use requires adding sufficient amounts of water for washing purposes.
تأثير الفحم الحيوي وبعض المخلفات العضوية على بعض خصائص التربة الرملية في منطقة السواوة – بمدينة سرت
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2025-12-04) الشريف, إدريس
This study was conducted in 2023 at the laboratories of the Department of Soil and Water, Faculty of Agriculture – Omar Al-Mukhtar University, with the aim of evaluating the effect of different types of biochar and some organic residues on selected chemical properties of sandy soil under incubation conditions. Biochar was produced from two types of organic residues (sawdust and poultry manure) using the slow pyrolysis technique at three different temperatures (300, 400, and 500°C). The study also included imported biochar, raw organic residues (raw sawdust and poultry manure), and a control treatment. Biochar was applied to sandy soil at different application rates (2.5, 5, and 10 g.kg-1 soil), in order to monitor changes in soil chemical properties over an incubation period extending from time zero (before incubation) to ten weeks, with measurements taken at 1, 5, and 10 weeks. The experiment was implemented using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replicates per treatment. Laboratory analyses included measurements of several chemical soil properties: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and exchangeable potassium (K). Results were analyzed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a significance level of 0.05. The results showed significant differences among treatments in their effects on soil chemical properties. Biochar derived from poultry manure at 400 and 500°C and applied at 10 g.kg-1 had the most pronounced positive impact on the studied parameters. It increased the soil pH and reduced acidity, enhanced EC due to the release of soluble salts and cations, and significantly increased organic matter, thereby improving the fertility of sandy soils which are naturally low in organic content. Moreover, cation exchange capacity (CEC) increased significantly with the use of poultry-manure-derived biochar, indicating improved nutrient retention. Levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium also increased, especially with longer incubation periods. Based on these findings, the study concludes that the type of feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, application rate, and incubation time all play critical roles in determining the effectiveness of biochar in improving the chemical properties of sandy soil.
دراسة لتقييم الترب المتأثرة بالأملاح ومصادر المياه بمنطقة – سوكنه
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2022-11) نصر, حنان
This study was conducted to assess the extent of the effect of natural, environmental and human factors on soil salinity and variation in its distribution, and to assess the quality of irrigation water for some of the wells that feed the area (Al Hammam Agricultural Project - Sukneh), in addition to determining the type of soil prevalent in the area. To achieve the objectives of this study, a series of laboratory experiments were conducted, where samples were collected from the surface layer 0-30 cm and the sub-surface layer 30-60 cm, and they were prepared and some of the following physical and chemical properties were estimated: pH, EC, CaCO3, O.M. CEC We note that most of the soils under study in the region have a sandy, sandy, silt or sandy texture. In general, it is also clear that the soils in the study area are characterized by a light color as a result of the presence of salts on the surface layer, especially in low areas, and some soils are also characterized by the presence of deaf layers at the depths 25-60 cm and sometimes at a depth of more than that, and the organic matter in soils (the agricultural bath project) in the Sukaneh area under study was low as it did not exceed 1.18%. The results of the chemical analysis showed a high electrical conductivity of the surface layer soils compared to the bottom layer, where the values generally ranged between 1.03 - 107.91 dS.m-1 ,While its value in the crust layer was higher, ranging between 5.86 - 160.25 dS.m-1, and the study showed that the region is prepared for the spread of the salinity phenomenon because it is located within the dry climate that is characterized by high temperatures and lack of rain, which causes the problem to aggravate. The ratio (CL+SO4/CO3+HCO3)) was <1 and this indicates that the soil is in the process of severely absorbing sodium, and the ratio of sulfates / chlorides is <1 for all soils except for samples 21 - 22 - 29, which indicates the predominance of chloride salts. This means that Soils have reached the last stage of salinization, where the results of statistical analysis confirmed these results., The results showed that the values of ESP were higher than 15% for most of the soils, where the values ranged between 1.33 - 30.74, and its value in the surface layer was higher than that of the bottom layer of soil. It was also found that 73.33% of the total samples of the soil under study were affected by salinity, as 63.33% of them were saline - soda, which included all uncultivated soils and about 55.55% of the cultivated soils. The values of the salinity index were <1, and it was found that its depth is less than the critical depth. Through the study, the role played by human factors is evident in the increasing phenomenon of salinization of agricultural soils in the project area through mismanagement of the water resource and leaving the land fallow after its exploitation, the lack of drains and the lack of efficiency of the existing ones . It was also shown through the results of chemical analyzes of the water samples of the wells under study, which were subject to the quality standards received from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). It was found that the quality of irrigation water was from good to medium for some wells, where the EC values of the wells under study ranged from 0.66, 4.23dS.m-1. It is considered within the permissible range of irrigation water quality standards with the exception of well 6, as the study showed the dominance of sodium ion for positive ions, followed by calcium and magnesium, the predominance of chlorine ion for negative ions, and a noticeable increase in the rate of sodium adsorption SAR, which reached a maximum value of 14.84, The results also showed that 80% of the total water samples for the wells under study fell under the classification of (C3-S1), which is considered high salinity - low sodium.
تأثير سلالات المايكورايزا على نمو نبات الذرة النامي تحت مستويات السماد الفوسفاتي في تربة متأثرة بالأملاح في منطقة سرت – ليبيا
(جامعة عمر المختار, 2022-09) حسن, أحلام
A planting experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, to compare seven strains of mycorrhizal fungi, and a three levels of fertilization ( super phosphate) (0, 50 and 100 kg P2O5/ha) on growth and absorption of some nutrients of maize plant growing in salt- affected soil from the Sirte region , and the results were as follows: Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi strains used in this study increased (p< 0.05) the rate of mycorrhizal infection in the roots of maize plant and the wet and dry weights of both leaves and roots increased significantly except for one strain, which is Funneliformis mosseae, which increased the dry weight of leaves, but this increase was not significant. The inoculation of most of the strains significantly increased the surface area of the leaves, and the uptake of phosphorous, nitrogen, potassium and iron, compared to the control (without inoculation), even though some increases were not significant. There was no a significant increase in the amount of zinc absorbed when inoculating with the strains compared to the control. It is noted that the strain (Archaeospora trappei) has increased all vegetative characteristics studied in this study, which are (wet and dry weights of leaves and roots, number of leaves, stem height and surface area of leaves), and the absorbed amount of nutrients studied in this study except Zinc, which are (phosphorous, nitrogen, potassium, iron) and the increase was significant compared to the control (without inoculation). It is noted that inoculation with (Funneliformis mosseae) and (Claroideoglomus etunicatum) significantly increased vegetative characteristics and nutrients uptake, except for some of them, where inoculation with funneliformis mosseae did not give a significant difference compared to the control in leaf dry weight and number of leaves ,phosphorous and potassium uptake. As for inoculation with Claroideoglomus etunicatum, did not give a significant difference compared to the control in stem height and nitrogen uptake. Inoculation with (Gigaspora sp) and (Scutellospora sp,) significantly increased the vegetative characteristics and the nutrients absorbed, except for some of them, as the inoculation with (Gigaspora sp) did not give a significant difference compared to the control in stem height, number of leaves and the amount of potassium absorbed. And inoculation with (Scutellospora sp) did not give a significant difference compared to the control in the uptake of nitrogen, potassium and iron. It is noted that the two strains Rhizophagus intraradices and Entrophos Porainfeqeas had a significant increase in the vegetative characteristics and nutrients absorbed, except for some of them, as inoculation with the strain Rhizophagus intraradices did not give a significant difference compared to the control in stem height and the uptake amount of nitrogen, potassium and iron, as well as Inoculation with Entrophos Porainfeqeas strain did not give a significant difference compared to the control in stem height, number of leaves, and the uptake amount of nitrogen and iron. The addition of phosphate fertilization at its two levels(50 and 100 kg P2O5 / ha) led to a significant decrease the percentage of mycorrhizal infection in the roots of maize plant, and the phosphate fertilization at a level of 50 kg P2O5 / ha , had the most effect in decreasing this percentage and the rest of the vegetative characteristics and the amount of absorbed nutrients, except for the absorbed amount of phosphorous, and the addition of phosphate fertilization at a level of 100 kg P2O5/ha, had a significant effect compared to the control except for the wet weight of leaves and the dry weight of the roots, but on the contrary, it caused, besides reducing the percentage of mycorrhizal infection, it also decreased the wet weight of the roots and the uptake amount of potassium. As for the interaction between inoculation with mycorrhizal strains and phosphate fertilization are as follows:- In the percentage of infection, we have find that inoculation with all strains without adding fertilization was better than adding phosphate fertilization, as for stem height, The inoculation with the strain Archaeospora trappei without phosphate fertilization was the best, and in number of leaves the inoculation with the strain Rhizophagus intraradices without fertilization was the best treatment. The inoculation with the strain (Gigaspora sp) with addition of fertilization at a level of 50 kg P2O5 / ha. was the best treatment. The wet weight of leaves , inoculation with strain (Rhizophagus intraradices) with the addition of fertilization at a level of 100 kg P2O5/ha, was the best treatment, and it did not differ significantly with the strain (Rhizophagus intraradices) without adding phosphate fertilization, as well as it did not differ significantly with the addition of fertilization at a level of 50 kg P2O5/ha, with the same strain, and also did not differ significantly with the inoculation treatment of strain (Scutellospora sp) without phosphate fertilization As for the dry weight of leaves, Claroideoglomus etunicatum strain without phosphate fertilization was the best treatment, and it did not differ significantly with the strain Funneliformis mosseae without phosphate fertilization. Regarding the dry weight of the roots, inoculation with (Funneliformis mosseae) strain with the addition of phosphate fertilization at a level of 50 kg P2O5/ha / ha was the best, and it did not differ significantly with the inoculation with (Funneliformis mosseae) strain without fertilization, as well as inoculation with strain (Claroideoglomus etunicatum at a level of 100) with addition of 100 kg P2O5/ha, and it also did not differ significantly with the addition of fertilization at the level of 100 kg P2O5/ha without inoculation with any of the strains. Regarding the amount of phosphorous absorbed, we find three treatments that were the best and there was no significant difference between them, which are inoculation with (Rhizophagus intraradices) strain with the addition of fertilization at a level of 50 kg P2O5/ha, inoculation with (Entrophos porainfeqeas) strain with the addition of 100 kg P2O5/ha, and inoculation with a strain ( Scutellospora sp) without fertilizing. As for nitrogen, inoculation with all strains was the best, except for Archaeospora trappei, there was no significant difference with the two levels of phosphate fertilization 50 and 100 kg P2O5/ha. As for potassium, inoculation with strain Scutellospora sp. without fertilization and inoculation with strain Entrophos porainfeqeas without fertilization was the best treatment, and it did not differ Significantly compared to the treatment of inoculation with Funneliformis mosseae without fertilization. As for iron, we find inoculation with Gigaspora sp without fertilization is the best treatment. We found that the treatments of inoculation with strains without phosphate fertilization in most of the vegetative characteristics and the absorbed amounts of nutrients, were the best treatments with some exceptions that did not give a significant difference with the control.

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