دراسة التباين الوراثي بين بعض التراكيب الوراثية من الفول تحت ظروف الجبل الأخضر

Abstract

. Summary Two field experiments were carried out at two different locations. First location was in farm of Faculty of agriculture, Omer Al-Mokhtar University, Al- Baida-Libya and second location was at Al-Wesitta location during 2012/2013 season to study the variability in some faba bean genotypes under Al-Jabal Al-Akhader conditions. In both locations, the experiment contained nineteen genotypes of fababean Vicia faba L., namely Cairo 4, Cairo 5, Cairo 25, Group 49, Line 4SS, Line 40 OL, Line 379/1, Line 387 (these genotypes were developed by Agronomy Dept., Fac. Of Agric., Cairo University, Egypt), Egypt 1, Giza 3, Giza 843, Sakha 1, Sakha 3, (varieties developed by Field Crop Res. Inst., ARC, Egypt), Benghazi, Bk70, Bk119, Khoms, Cyprous and Veto (obtained from Libya). The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with four replications. Each plot consisted of four rows each of two meter length. The spacing between rows was 50 cm and 25cm between hills, each hill was contained two plants after thinning. The experiments were planted on first of December in two locations. Normal culture practices of growing faba bean were followed. Measurements and observations of investigated characters were performed on five plants randomly chosen from the mid-rows of each plot. The following characters were measured: days to 50% flowering, plant height (cm), no. of branches / plant, no. of pods / plant, pods wt./plant (gm.), no. of seed / pod, no. of seed /plant, 100-seed dry weight. (gm.), seed content of crude protein, seed content of total carbohydrate, biological yield (t/ha^-1), seed yield (t/ha^-1), straw yield (t/ha^-1), and harvest index %. Data of each location was analyzed separately. Combined analysis of variance over locations was also performed using MSTAT-C program. For comparison among means, L.S.D. test was applied. The genetic parameters such as phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), Broad sense heritability (H₂), and genetic advance under selection (GA) were calculated. Also correlation coefficients between yield and yield components were determined. Results summarized as follow: Variability between the genotypes: 1- Results showed that mean squares due to the genotypes, at Al-Baida-Libya location, were highly significant for each of days to 50% flowering, no. of branches/plant, no. of pods/plant, no. of seed/pod, 100-seed dry weight. (gm.) biological yield (t/ha^-1), seed yield (t/ha^-1), straw yield (t/ha^-1), seed content of crude protein, and seed content of total carbohydrate. Also mean squares were significant for each of plant height, pods dry weight / plant and no. of seed / plant. 2- Variability between studied genotypes was highly significant at Al Wassita conditions for days to flowering, no. of branches / plant, no. of pods / plant, 100- seed dry weight, biological yield, seed content of crude protein, and seed content of total carbohydrate. Also, variance between the genotypes was significant for pods dry weight / plant, no. of seed / plant and seed yield. 3- Combined analysis of variance showed that the variance between two locations was highly significantly for days to flowering, plant height, no. of pods /plant, pods dry weight/ plant, no. of seed / plant, 100-seed dry weight., seed yield, straw yield, biological yield, seed content of crude protein, seed content of total carbohydrate. The variance due to studied genotypes was significant or highly significant for all studied traits except plant height, pods dry weight / plant and harvest index. Mean of squares due to the interaction between genotypes and locations was significant or highly significant for days to flowering, no. of branches /plant, no. of pods/plant, no. of pods/plant, no. of seed / pods, 100-seed dry weight, straw yield, biological yield, harvest index, seed content of crude dry weight, straw yield, biological yield, harvest index, seed content of crude protein, seed content of total carbohydrate. 4- At Al- Baida location, general mean of days to flowering was 82.49 day and it ranged from 79.5 to 85.9 day. The genotypes Giza 3 and Line 379/1 recorded the lowest no. of days to flowering (79.5 day), whereas it was highest in Cairo 4 (85.9 day). The studied genotypes differed significantly for seed yield, straw yield, and biological yield. The genotype Cuprous gave highest value of seed yield (5.55 t/ha^-1) but it's not differed significantly from Cairo 4 (4.62 t/ha^-1), Sakha 1 (4.29 t/ha^-1) and Giza 843 (4.12 t/ha^-1). Cairo 4 yielded the highest biological yield (13.59 t/ha^-1). The genotypes Cairo 5 had the highest content of crude protein in seed (28.33%) and Sakha 1 was the highest for seed content of total carbohydrate (49.63%). 5- At Al-Baida location, results showed that the genotypes Cuprous, Cairo 4 and Sakha 1 were the best genotypes for seed yield and biological yield. At Al-Wessita location, the studied genotypes differed for days to flowering. Also, the studied genotypes were differed for other studied traits. The genotype Cuprous gave highest value of seed yield (2.21 t/ha^-1) and biological yield (4.07 t/ha^-1). The genotype BK70 was the highest genotype for seed content of crude protein (24.26%). For seed content of total carbohydrate, the highest genotypes were BK119 (48.26%), Line 40 OL (48.16%), Sakha 1 (48.1%) and Sakha 2 (48.1%). 7- At Al-Wassita location, results showed that the genotypes Cuprous was the best genotype for seed yield, straw yield and biological yield. 8- Combined analysis of variance for two locations showed that the genotype Khoms recorded the lowest no. of days to flowering (71.53 day), whereas Cairo 4 was highest for no. of days to flowering (81.96 day). Also, the genotypes were differed for other traits. 9- Results of combined analysis of variance over two locations showed that the genotypes Coprous, Cairo 4, and Benghazi were the best genotypes for their yields. Seed yield of these genotypes was 3.88, 2.7 and 2.42 t/ha^-1, respectively. For straw yield, Cairo 4 yielded 5.10 t/ha^-1, Benghazi yielded 4.62 t/ha^-1, and Coprous yielded 4.56 t/ha^-1. For biological yield, Coprous was the highest genotype (8.44 t/ha^-1) followed by Cairo 4 (7.84 t/ha^-1) and Benghazi (7.05 t/ha^-1). Line379/1 had the highest value of seed content of crude protein (26.4%) and the genotypes Sakha 3 recoded highest content of total carbohydrate in seed.

Genetic Parameters: Al- Baida location: 10- Values of GCV ranged from 2.45% (days to flowering) to 26.95% (100-seed dry weight) and PCV ranged from 2.58% (days to flowering) to 30.65% (no. of pods / plant). The results showed that higher PCV than GCV for no. of branches / plant, plant height, no. of pods/plant, pod dry weight /plant, no. of seed/pod, no. of seed/plant, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index. Differences between PCV and GCV values were small for days to flowering, 100-seed dry weight, seed content of crude protein and seed content of total carbohydrate. 11- Results show that higher values of heritability were obtained for seed content of total carbohydrate (99.91%), seed content of crude protein (99.57%), 100-seed dry weight (96.15%), day to flowering (89.79%), no. of branches/plant (83.27%), no. of pods/plant (72.72%) and biological yield (71.72%). 12-The values of genetic advance under selection (GA) were differed for studied traits. GA values ranged from 0.39 (pods dry weight/plant) to 44.02 (for 100-seed dry weight). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance were noted for 100-seed dry weight, seed content of total carbohydrate, seed content of crude protein, no. of pods / plant. Al- Wesseta location: 13-Results showed that 100-seed dry weight recorded highest values for each of genetic and phenotypic variances. It was 161.63 and 188.53, respectively. Values of GCV ranged from 1.30% (for plant height) to 31.02% (for seed yield). Also, Values of PCV ranged from 4.02% (for seed content of crude protein) to 35.82% (for pods dry weight/plant). The results showed that higher PCV than GCV for no. of branches / plant, plant height, no. of pods / plant, pod dry weight / plant, no. of seed / pod, no. of seed plant, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield and harvest index. Differences between PCV and GCV values were small for days to flowering, 100- seed dry weight, seed content of crude protein and seed content of total carbohydrate. 14- Results showed that higher values of heritability were obtained for seed content of total carbohydrate (99.77%), seed content of crude protein (87.99%), 100-seed dry weight (85.73%), day to flowering (84.65%), and no. of branches/plant (75.74%). 15-The values of genetic advance under selection (GA) were differed for studied traits. GA values ranged from 0.02 (no of seed/pod) to 20.72 (for 100-seed dry weight). High heritability values coupled with high genetic advance were noted for 100-seed dry weight, seed content of total carbohydrate, days to flowering. Also, high heritability coupled with low genetic advance were noted for no. of branches/ plant, pods dry weight / plant, biological yield and seed content of crude protein. Combined analysis over locations: 16-Trait 100-seed dry weight exhibited higher value for each of genetic variance (294.5) and phenotypic variance (335.7). The values of GCV were differed for studied traits. High GCV was recorded for 100-seed dry weight (21.55), no. of branches/plant (20.58), seed yield (20.26)and biological yield (15.49). Also, the values of PCV were differed for studied traits. High PCV was recorded for seed yield (24.12), no. of branches / plant (23.25), 100-seed dry weight (23.01), straw yield (21.27), biological yield (20.43) and no. of pods / plant (20.23). The results showed that higher PCV than GCV for plant height, no. of pods / plant, pod dry weight / plant, no. of seed / pod, no. of seed/plant, straw yield, biological yield, harvest index and seed content of crude protein. 17- Results showed that higher values of heritability were obtained for 100-seed dry weight (87.74%), day to flowering (84.4%), no. of branches/plant (78.34%), seed yield (70.55%). 18-High genetic advance under selection was recorded for 100-seed dry weight (28.29%) and coupled with higher value of heritability (87.74%). Results showed that low genetic advance under selection were coupled with high heritability for days to flowering, no. of branches / plant and seed yield. Correlation between traits: 19- Results, at Al-Baida location, showed that seed yield had significant and positive correlation with each of no. of seed/pod, (0.64**), 100-seed dry weight (0.59**), pods dry weight/plant (0.50*), straw yield (0.73**) and biological yield (0.87**). Biological yield showed significant and positive correlation with each of pods dry weight /plant (0.58**), no. of seed / pod (0.67**), 100-seed dry weight (0.60**) and straw yield (0.97**). 20- At Al- Wesseta location, Significant positive correlations were obtained for seed yield with each of no. of branches/plant (0.60*), pods dry weight /plant (0.61**), 100-seed dry weight (0.74**), straw yield (0.67**), biological yield (0.93**) and harvest index (0.49*). Biological yield showed significant and positive correlation with each of no. of branches / plant (0.64**), plant height (0.55*), no. of pods / plant, (0.73**), 100-seed dry weight (0.67**) and straw yield (0.90**). 21- Results of combined analysis showed that seed yield was positively and significantly correlated with each of no. of branches / plant (0.47*), pods dry weight/plant (0.57*), no. of seed /pod (0.64**), 100-seed dry weight (0.66**), straw yield (0.70**) and biological yield (0.88**). Biological yield showed significant and positive correlation with each of pods dry weight /plant (0.67**), no. of seed/pod,(0.68**), 100-seed dry weight (0.63**) and straw yield (0.96**). الخلاصة يستخلص من هذه الدراسة أنه تحت ظروف منطقة البيضاء كانت الأصناف Cairo 4 ،Cuprous و 1 Sakha هي أعلى التراكيب الوراثية المدروسة من حيث كمية محصولها من البذور والمحصول البيولوجي. وتحت ظروف منطقة الوسيطة كان الصنف Cuprous هو أعلى التراكيب الوراثية المدروسة من حيث كمية محصوله من البذور والقش والمحصول البيولوجي. أما على مستوى المنطقتين كان الصنف Cupruos يتبعه الصنف 4 Cairo ثم الصنف Benghazi هي أفضل التركيب الوراثية المدروسة من حيث كمية المحصول الناتجة منها.